The 1990s were a decade of transformation for the audio productionThis period was marked by important innovations that bridged the gap between the analog and digital eras. Here are some of the key inventions and advances in audio output during this period:
1. Digital audio workstations (DAWs)
Digital audio software such as Pro Tools came to prominence in the 1990s, revolutionizing audio recording and editing. These software systems enabled non-linear editing, multi-track recording and advanced sound manipulation.
Early versions of programs such as Cubase and Logic Pro have also made their appearance, allowing greater creative flexibility in music production.
2.Virtual studio technology (VST)
Introduced by Steinberg in 1996, VST plug-ins changed the game by enabling the use of software instruments and effects in DAWs.
This innovation made it possible to replace physical synthesizers and effects units with digital alternatives.
3. MP3 format
The MP3 audio codec, developed by Fraunhofer Societybecame widely available in the mid-1990s. It revolutionized the way audio was distributed, compressed and consumed, paving the way for digital music players and online music sharing.
4. Autotune (1997)
Developed by Antares Audio Technologies, Autotune enables precise pitch correction. Initially intended for subtle correction, it has since become a stylistic effect in genres such as pop and hip-hop.
5. Advances in digital signal processing (DSP)
Affordable DSP chips have enabled the creation of digital effects processors, samplers and synthesizers with more power and versatility than ever before.
Devices like the Alesis ADAT (an affordable multi-track digital recorder) have brought studio-quality digital recording to small studios.
6. Compact digital audio recorders
Equipment such as the DAT (Digital Audio Tape) have become popular for high-quality digital audio recording.
The MiniDisc also appeared in the early 90s, although its adoption in professional audio was limited compared to the DAT.
7. Beatmaking and sampling revolution
The series Akai MPC (e.g. MPC2000) became a must-have for hip-hop and electronic music production. These devices integrated sampling and sequencing into a user-friendly interface.
The culture of sampling has developed, allowing producers to manipulate and incorporate audio extracts in creative ways.
8. Software synthesizers
Companies such as Native Instruments began producing software synthesizers, such as Reaktorwhich laid the foundations for the virtual instrument libraries that dominate today.
9. Surround sound and multichannel formats
The 1990s saw the growth of surround sound for music and cinema, including formats such as Dolby Digital (AC-3) and DTSwhich have expanded the possibilities of immersive audio experiences.
10. High-quality microphones and preamps
Although not an "invention", the 1990s saw a resurgence of interest in high-end microphones (such as reissues of the Neumann U87) and boutique preamps, combining analog warmth with digital precision.
These innovations reshaped the way audio was created, recorded and consumed, laying the foundations for the music and audio production landscape of the 21st century.
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